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Autism Spectrum Disorders is an umbrella term, commonly used for several neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Autism, Asperger’s syndrome, Rett syndrome, and Childhood Disintegrating Disorders, to name a few. It is characterized with an altered pattern of social communication, perception, concentration, and behavioral aspects, with a wide range of symptoms and severity. In majority of the cases, the signs of ASD like reduced eye contact, lack of response to their names, etc., are being displayed in early infancy. At the same time, signs of epilepsy, intellectual disability, gastrointestinal problems, anxiety, depression, weak communication, etc., are quite apparent by the age of 2 years.

Muscular dystrophy is a group of disorders, characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles and muscle weakness. There are nine different types of dystrophies and all of them are associated with the faulty gene dystrophin that creates a defect in muscle protein, leading to progressive damage of muscle cells and tissue. Most of these muscular dystrophies are multi-system disorders with manifestations in different systems of the body, such as the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system, nervous system, endocrine system, etc. Thus, children with muscular dystrophy typically succumb to paralysis and eventually death in their early twenties due to respiratory failure and cardiac complications. In the majority of the cases, the symptoms are apparent in early childhood by the age of 3-5 years, when the child has difficulty in walking and controlling body movements.

“Cerebral” indicates a part of the brain and “Palsy” refers to muscular weakness. Cerebral Palsy is a broad term comprising of several non-progressive “Chronic Palsies” that affect balance, movement, posture, intelligence quotient, and muscle tones. Although the symptomatic expression of Cerebral Palsy may start at any age, the cause of its occurrence is deeply rooted in a person’s embryonic period. Previous data analysis have revealed some of the issues associated with fetal development that can lead to brain damage, such as bleeding in the brain, lack of oxygenated blood to brain, genetic conditions, viral infections, traumatic brain injuries during early life, etc.

Stroke is mainly characterized by a decreased supply of oxygenated blood to two primary organs of the body, either heart or brain, especially due to blocked and/or ruptured arteries. Specifically, there are three type of Stroke: (a) Ischemic stroke , when the blockage of the oxygenated blood is due to blood clots, and (b) Hemorrhagic stroke due to breakage of the blood vessels, further interrupting the flow of blood to the brain. In either of these events, brain cells progressively degenerate and lose their functional capacity for motion, speech, memory, mood, etc. Apart from these two, a third type of stroke is Transient Ischemic attacks, also known as the “mini-strokes”, caused due to temporary clot formations that should be considered as a warning sign for more serious indications.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, most commonly called as the Lou Gehrig’s disease or motor neuron disease is a type of a progressive neurological illness that manifests as gradual weakening and atrophy of muscles. The progression of the disease can go up to as many as two to five years but in very rare cases a person can live up to seven years with 100% fatal outcome. Conventional ALS/MND treatment approach has shown serious contraindications such as respiratory failure , grade III artificial lung ventilation , dysphasia and presence of gastric stroma . Innovation in modern science and technology in regenerative therapies offer new hope for patients with stem cell therapy for MND/ALS by boosting the repair of damaged or weakened neurons and thus promoting improvement in impaired functions for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treatment or motor neuron disease treatment.