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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can arise when the organisms that cause an infection evolve ways to survive and render treatments ineffective, facilitating the infection’s spread. Global human consumption of antibiotics is expected to rise by more than 30% in the next 10 years, contributing to further rise and spread of ‘superbugs’ that cannot be treated with existing drugs1. Already, AMR is estimated to be the cause of at least 700,000 deaths globally each year, and this number is expected to rise to 10 million by 2050 if no action is taken.

Infectious diseases, caused by pathogenic micro organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi, are responsible for millions of deaths globally each year. Vaccines are estimated to save millions of lives each year. In addition to eradicating two naturally occurring diseases, global vaccination has significantly reduced the incidence of many others (in many cases it is estimated by over 90%).

The COVID-19 global health emergency has highlighted the need for vaccines to address novel infections, as its rapid spread has made vaccine development an urgent worldwide priority. While speed is of the essence, both scientific considerations for generation of effective and safe vaccines, and ease of deployment and administration en-masse are of paramount importance, especially given the huge scale at which such vaccines will be required to meet global demand.