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Translational research: from animal models to treating patients. Animal models are essential in understanding the role of microbiomes in health and diseases whether the endpoint is to improve human or animal health. In basic research and preclinical studies, animal models such as mice, rats, hamsters or others, enable interventions and easy access to organs that would not be possible in humans. The experimental conditions are also more controlled with homogenous genetic backgrounds and by limiting sources of variations (e.g. diet and environmental conditions) affecting microbiota composition.

Bacterial translocation: the missing link between intestinal microbiome and human complex non-communicable diseases. Complex disorders are multifactorial and often chronic, caused by genetic and environmental factors and comprising hundreds of conditions from cardio-metabolic diseases to neurodegenerative and mental disorders. These pathologies commonly present a low- to high-grade inflammation and have been associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis or a distinct microbial signature. However, how the intestinal microbiome can remotely affect all the parts of the body remains elusive. The translocation of living bacteria and/or bacterial components (e.g. nucleic acids or lipopolysaccharides) from the intestines to the bloodstream and towards other tissues may be the missing link between gut microbiota, systemic inflammation and pathogenesis.