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Antigen Directly Articles & Analysis
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They work by binding to foreign molecules, known as antigens, which can be proteins, polysaccharides, or other substances found on pathogens or abnormal cells. By binding to these antigens, antibodies can neutralize pathogens directly or mark them for destruction by other immune cells. ...
Ingested probiotics are recognized by pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on DCs, and are essential to immunological homeostasis in the gut. DCs can directly present antigens from probiotics to the MLN and can interact with T and B cells to maintain noninflammatory immune responses. ...