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The discovery that transformed biological research. In 2007, Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi Takahashi were able to reprogram human somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells by inducing the expression of four embryonic transcription factors. The resultant cells were called human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). iPSCs have unlimited proliferation capacity and can be differentiated into nearly any cell type in the body. These characteristics rapidly turned iPSC into a lab workhorse, providing an unlimited supply of once-inaccessible human tissues, such as cardiac or neurological, for biological research. The revolution was such that, in 2012, the invention of iPSCs was awarded with the Nobel Prize.