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Bowel Disease Articles & Analysis
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Chemokines and their receptors form one of the most intricate signaling networks in immunology. Among them, CCR1 (C-C chemokine receptor type 1) has attracted attention for its dual role as both a guardian of host defense and a potential driver of chronic inflammation and cancer progression. For researchers, CCR1 is more than a seven-transmembrane G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR)—it ...
The Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) protein has emerged as a pivotal player in the intricate web of immunological responses, particularly in the context of inflammatory diseases. Unraveling the mysteries of TREM1 entails delving into its structure, function, and implications in various pathological conditions, shedding light on its potential as a therapeutic target. ...
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the success of mRNA vaccines has greatly propelled the development of mRNA therapeutics. mRNA is a negatively charged nucleic acid that serves as a template for protein synthesis in ribosomes. Despite its utility, the instability of mRNA necessitates appropriate carriers for in vivo delivery. Currently, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most mature approach for ...
In the vibrant realm of cellular biology and regenerative medicine, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold unparalleled potential for therapeutic applications. Particularly noteworthy are bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), a subtype of MSCs. Their unique properties make them indispensable resources for developing ground-breaking solutions for various medical conditions. Mesenchymal stem ...
What is CD73? CD73, also known as ecto-5′-nucleotidase, is a groundbreaking immunoinhibitory protein that assumes a pivotal role in tumor growth and metastasis. Its primary function revolves around converting extracellular ATP into immunosuppressive adenosine, working in tandem with CD39 within normal tissues to curtail excessive immune reactions. However, this mechanism is often hijacked ...
Classes of Cell-Penetrating Peptides There are many types of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), and their classification is based on physicochemical properties, sources, intake mechanisms, and biomedical applications. There is no unified conclusion yet. According to their physical and chemical properties, CPPs can be divided into three types: cationic, amphiphilic and hydrophobic, among which ...
Cytokines, small molecules with potent biological activity, are primarily synthesized by immune and non-immune cells (e.g., vascular endothelial cells, epidermal cells, fibroblasts) in response to stimulation. These signaling molecules form intricate networks that contribute to immune responses, inflammatory reactions, cell proliferation, and growth. Cytokine Dysregulation in Systemic Immune ...
Introduction to IL-36 Family Twenty years ago, Interleukin 36 (IL-36) was discovered as a member of the IL-1 superfamily. Its gene is located on chromosome 2 in an IL gene cluster, including IL1A - IL1B - IL37 - IL36G - IL36A - IL36B - IL36RN - IL38 - IL1RN, with IL-36 encoding genes transcribed far away from the centromere. There are four known subtypes of IL-36, which have been renamed multiple ...
Inflammation is a series of complex response events produced by the host system to pathogen infection and various tissue injuries. When the inflammatory response continues, it enters the stage of "uncontrollable inflammation", which plays an important role in the occurrence and development of complex diseases such as tumors. Therefore, the key molecular events in the process of ...
Background A 16 y/o male with a history of irritable bowel disease presents to the Emergency Department vomiting blood. He has an ostomy in place. His initial vital signs were BP 82/59, HR 160, SI 1.95. He was ill-appearing, with skin gray and ashen. The staff placed a 20-gauge peripheral IV and infused a 1-liter NS bolus using the LifeFlow PLUS and the QinFlow Warrior blood and fluid warmer. ...
Diamine oxidase (DAO) is an intracellular enzyme that catalyzes diamine in mucosal or ciliated epithelial cells of the mammalian small intestine. It protects the intestinal mucosa by regulating intracellular ion homeostasis, influencing conduction pathways, and promoting cellular repair. Serum DAO is elevated in small intestinal mucosal barrier failure or in intestinal mucosal cell necrosis; ...
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides that facilitate cellular intake and uptake of molecules ranging from nano-size particles to small chemical compounds to large fragments of DNA. As a versatile peptide, CPP has been widely used for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. 1. Oligo and siRNA Transport As an important means for targeted therapy of specific genes, oligonucleotides ...
Researchers at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center have identified a new strategy to reduce immune-related adverse events by targeting immunotherapy with the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). The study, published in Cancer Cell, provides evidence for the concept of combining immune checkpoint blockers and cytokine blockers to selectively inhibit inflammatory autoimmune responses. ...
On February 29 (or the last day of February) we celebrate World Rare Disease Day to raise awareness about these diseases, aiming to improve access to diagnosis, treatment and medical care. What are these diseases? Rare diseases are those that occur infrequently in the general population. In Argentina, “rare diseases” are those whose prevalence in the general population is equal to ...
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-a) is a potent cytokine that is over-expressed by cells during chronic intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, TNF-a represents the most validated clinical target for ulcerative colitis (UC) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) with multiple emerging neutralizing/inflammation-reducing therapeutics targeting this cytokine for inactivation. TNF-a activation of ...
Observational study with retrospective and prospective data collection, for total of 24 months. This is an IBD technology study investigating quantitative metrics for endoscopy, histology and radiology for improved diagnosis and assessment of ...
The maintenance of immune homeostasis involves a synergistic relationship between the host and the microbiome. Canonical interferon (IFN) signaling controls the response to acute microbial infection through the involvement of STAT1 transcription factors. However, the contribution of tonic levels of interferon to immune homeostasis in the absence of acute infection remains largely unexplored. The ...
The gut is a complex ecosystem that contains an extremely large community of microbes known as the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome is made up of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and other eukaryotic microorganisms, including yeasts, flagellates, ciliates, and protozoa. The gut microbiota of a healthy individual consists of six phyla (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, ...
Advanced microphysiological systems can replicate aspects of intestinal complexity, such as epithelium self-renewal by stem cells in in vitro crypts or the interactions of microbes and intestinal epithelium mediated by a mucus layer. Availability of such models is key to progress in compound screening, disease modeling, and microbiome research. Defining a Niche A niche is a multidimensional ...
Intestinal inflammatory diseases are highly complex, which has thus far prevented development of an effective in vitro disease model. With access to a donor-derived cell biobank and the ability to recapitulate region-specific environments of the intestine, Altis Biosystems is working toward the development of an in vitro RepliGut® model to accurately recapitulate the complex intestinal ...