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C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute reaction protein produced by the liver and is secreted into the bloodstream within a few hours after the onset of an infection or inflammation. As CRP increases in severe cases of inflammation, tests are done on the patient’s clinical symptoms or for patients at risk of acute inflammation post-surgery. CRP tests are conducted to assist with conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, and is often repeated to determine the efficacy of a treatment. CRP is also a useful test index for inflammatory reactions, and can be used for early detection of potential infections in wound healing and surgical resection, organ transplantation, and burn patients. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are essential in acute inflammatory reactions.

Procalcitonin (PCT) is a substance produced by many types of cells in the body, often, and more significantly in response to bacterial infections and sepsis, but also in response to tissue injury and stress. Other stressors may include viral infections, trauma, surgery, pancreatitis, burns, shocks associated with cardiac arrest, and acute organ transplant rejection. PCT tests are conducted to detect the presence of a bacterial infection in its early stages and are also, in crucially ill patients, used to guide antibiotic treatment by differentiating between bacterial infections and other causes.